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Yup'ik clothing (Yup'ik ''aturaq'' sg ''aturak'' dual ''aturat'' pl, ''aklu'', ''akluq'', ''un’u'' ; also, ''piluguk'' in Unaliq-Pastuliq dialect, ''aklu'', ''cangssagar'', ''un’u'' in Nunivak dialect) refers to the traditional Eskimo style clothes worn by the Yup'ik people of southwestern Alaska. Also known as Cup'ik clothing for the Chevak Cup'ik dialect speaking Eskimos of Chevak and Cup'ig clothing for the Nunivak Cup'ig dialect speaking Eskimos of Nunivak Island. The traditional clothing system developed and used by the Eskimo peoples is the most effective cold weather clothing developed to date. Yup'ik women made clothes and footwear from animal skins (especially hide and fur of marine and land mammals for fur clothing, sometimes birds, also fish), sewn together using needles made from animal bones, walrus ivory, and bird bones such as front part of a crane's foot and threads made from other animal products, such as sinew. The multi-functional ulu (semilunar woman's knife) is used to process and cut skins for clothing and footwear. Women made most clothing of caribou (wild caribou ''Rangifer tarandus granti'' and domestic reindeer ''Rangifer tarandus tarandus'') and sealskin. Yup’ik clothing tended to fit relatively loosely. Wastefulness being disrespectful, Yup'ik elders made use of every last scrap from hunts and harvests: seal guts, skins of salmon fish, dried grasses such as ''Leymus mollis'' (coarse seashore grass). Traditionally, skins of birds, fish, and marine mammals such as seal and walrus, and land mammals were used to make clothing. Hunting clothes were designed to be insulated and waterproof. Fish skin and marine mammal intestines (guts) were used for waterproof shells (as gut parka) and boots. Dried grass was used to make insulating socks, and as a waterproof thread. In the Yup'ik culture, parkas are much more than necessary tools for survival in the cold climate of Alaska; they are also pieces of art that tell stories about the past. Many story knife (''yaaruin'') stories of the storytelling dictated the story of the traditional Yup'ik clothing, such as ''atkupiaq'' or fancy parka. The Russian fur traders or promyshlennikis of the Russian-American Company during the Russian America encouraged the Eskimos to adopt Western-style dress in order to release more furs for trading. The English word ''kuspuk'' adapted from the Yup'ik word ''qaspeq'' (a lightweight parka cover or overshirt worn by both Yup'ik and Iñupiaq Alaskan Eskimo women and men). Also, the word ''mukluk'' (Eskimo boot, a soft knee-high boot of seal or caribou skin) which is derived from the Yup'ik word ''maklak'' meaning bearded seal (''Erignathus barbatus''). That the word ''maklak'' has been borrowed into English as ''mukluk'' as the name for Eskimo skin boots (''kamguk'', ''kameksak'', ''piluguk'', etc., in Yup’ik), probably because bearded-seal skin is used for the soles of skin boots.〔Jacobson, Steven A. (2012). (Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary, 2nd edition ). Alaska Native Language Center.〕 The village of ''Kotlik'' derives its Yup’ik name ''Qerrulliik'' (dual form of ''qerrullik'' "a pair of pants, trousers"), from its location, where the Yukon River splits apart nearby like the legs on a pair of trousers. == Eskimo clothing == Both Yup'ik (and Siberian Yupik) and Iñupiaq clothing are also known as Eskimo clothing in Alaska. Eskimos are not usually tall but they have powerful legs and shoulders. Clothing details differs between northwestern Iñupiaq and southwestern Yup'ik Eskimo clothes. Also, among the Yup'ik regional or socioterritorial groups (their native names will generally be found ending in ''-miut'' postbase which signifies "inhabitants of ..."), like those of north Alaska, were differentiated by territory, speech patterns, clothing details, annual cycles, and ceremonial life.〔Elisabeth F. Andrews (1989), ''(The Akulmiut: territorial dimensions of a Yup'ik Eskimo society )''. Technical Paper No. 177. Juneau, AK: Alaska Department of Fish and Game Division of Subsistence.〕 Four basic designs are used for women's fancy parkas among the Yup'ik, with some regional variations, including one style adopted from Iñupiaq skin sewers.〔 Native peoples have flourished in the extreme cold of the Arctic for millennia. Arctic people living throughout the circumpolar region have time-tested their caribou (or reindeer) skin clothing ensembles for 3000 to 8000 year. During that time, their clothing has evolved, so that today they are able to live comfortably within the region, in spite of the bitter weather.〔Aline J. Cotel, Raymond Golingo, Jill E. Oakes, Rick R. Riewe (2004), "(Effect of ancient Inuit fur parka ruffs on facial heat transfer )". ''Climate Research'' 26: 77–84〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yup'ik clothing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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